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Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics

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10 Downing Street 1

abattoir workers 5

abnormal profit 2

absolute poverty 7

accountability 21

Activision Blizzard 1

actual growth 2

administration 5

administrative costs 1

administrative delays 2

affordability 8

affordable homes 2

affordable housing 7

Afghanistan-style deal 1

ageing population 9

aggregate demand 4

agricultural markets 1

agricultural policy 6

Air Passenger Duty 5

air pollution 2

air-conditioning 1

aircraft engines 1

aircraft industry 4

Alliance for Full Employment 1

Amazon Prime Video 1

animal spirits 2

Anthony Barber 1

anti-competitive 1

Appliances Direct 1

appreciation 10

Apprenticeship Levy 8

apprenticeships 10

asylum seekers 1

Australia-style deal 1

Autumn Budget 5

Autumn Statement 75

average earnings 11

average house price 1

average rate of taxation 3

average wage increases 1

average wages 1

back to school 1

bad economics 1

balance of payments 3

balanced budget 1

Bank for International Settlements 1

Bank of England 497

bankers' bonuses 7

banking crisis 1

banking sector 4

banking surcharge 3

banking system 3

bankruptcies 22

Barnett formula 1

barriers to entry 1

Baumol's cost disease 1

Beast From the East 2

beauty products 1

beauty salons 1

behavioural economics 3

benefit fraud 4

benefit system 36

benefits of Brexit 1

benefits of trade 1

Bentley Motors 3

Beveridge Report 1

Black Wednesday 1

blast furnaces 3

bleedin' obvious 2

blended mortgages 1

boom and bust 1

border checks 5

border controls 9

Boris Johnson 1

borrowing costs 8

Bounce Back Loans 1

bowling alleys 1

brand loyalty 1

Brexit dividend 14

Brexit fatigue 1

Brexit negotiations 73

Brexit opportunities 1

Brexit preparations 11

Brexit transition 10

bricks and mortar 1

British Airways 2

British Beauty Council 1

British Beer and Pub Association 2

British Business Bank 1

British Chambers of Commerce 21

British expats 1

British firms 2

British Home Stores 1

British industry 1

British Poultry Council 1

British Property Foundation 1

British Retail Consortium 40

British Steel 19

British waters 1

Brittany Ferries 1

brussels sprouts 1

budget balance 1

budget deficit 51

budget surplus 6

Build Back Better 1

building materials 1

business closure 1

business confidence 31

business council 1

business cycle 2

Business Insider 2

business loans 2

Business Management 1

business rates 42

business rates holiday 5

business support 2

calculation of inflation 2

Campaign for Better Transport 1

canons of taxation 2

Capital Economics 1

capital epxenditure 1

capital expensing policy 1

capital gains 2

capital gains tax 13

capital spending 9

car batteries 2

car industry 100

car insurance 2

car manufacturers 124

car manufacturing 2

car production 8

car wash problem 1

carbon capture and storage 4

carbon dioxide 3

carbon emissions 13

carbon market 1

cash transfer 1

cashless society 1

casino economics 1

causes of inflation 2

causes of unemployment 1

cavity wall insulation 2

central bank 19

central bank independence 3

central banks 8

central government 1

centralisation 3

Centre for Cities 4

Centre for Economic Performance 1

Centre for Social Justice 1

CF Industries 1

Channel Tunnel 1

characteristics of money 1

chargingpoints 1

cheese sandwich 1

cherrypicking 2

child benefit 1

child benefits 2

child poverty 22

Chinese growth model 1

chlorinated chicken 5

Christian Aid 1

Christmas bonuses 1

Christmas Dinner 6

Christmas shopping 1

Christmas trees 1

cinema tickets 1

circular economy 1

circular flow of income 3

claimant count 8

cleaning services 1

climate change 31

climate change targets 18

climate targets 3

cloud computing 1

cloudcomputing 1

Cloudwater Brewery 1

co-ordination problem 1

Cold Chain Federation 1

commercial banks 3

commercial market 1

commodity traders 1

common access resources 1

communication 1

commuting costs 1

comparative advantage 6

competition policy 1

competitive advantage 2

competitive disadvantage 1

competitive tender 2

competitiveness 7

computer chips 5

computer systems 1

confectionary 1

confectionery 1

Conservative Party 33

construction 34

consumer behaviour 1

consumer borrowing 8

consumer bundle 10

consumer choice 10

consumer confidence 31

consumer debt 9

consumer demand 2

consumer goods 1

consumer incomes 1

Consumer Insights Panel 1

consumer interests 2

consumer rationality 1

consumer spending 124

consumer surplus 1

consumer tastes 10

consumption bundle 1

consumption patterns 2

consumption tax 1

contingency plans 12

contracting out 3

contractionary 2

contractionary policy 3

core inflation 11

coronavirus 927

coronavirus restrictions 4

coronavirus support measures 7

corporate borrowing 1

corporate debt 2

corporate taxation 21

corporation tax 41

cost benefit analysis 7

cost deferral scheme 1

cost of Christmas 3

cost of inflation 3

cost of living 56

cost of living crisis 330

cost of living payment 1

cost overruns 1

cost pressures 1

cost-benefit analysis 21

cost-push inflation 38

costbenefitanalysis 2

costs of Brexit 350

costs of inflation 23

costs of unemployment 14

Council Tax rebate 3

counter-cyclical 2

counter-inflationary policy 5

country of origin 1

creative destruction 2

credit card borrowing 2

credit card debt 1

credit card spending 4

crisis management 1

cryptocurrency 3

current account 5

current account deficit 4

current expenditure 1

current spending 5

customer satisfaction 1

customs charges 1

customs checks 31

customs declaration 2

customs delays 6

customs union 4

cybersecurity 1

cycle hangars 1

cycling infrastructure 1

dairy produce 1

deal dividend 1

deaths of despair 1

debt interest 7

debt interest payments 11

debt reduction 1

debt repayment 11

debt repayments 2

debt to GDP ratio 2

debt:GDP ratio 4

decarbonisation 5

decentralisation 4

defence spending 2

deficit reduction 1

deflationary gap 1

deflationary policy 2

deforestation 1

deindustrialisation 2

delivery companies 1

Demand Flexibility Scheme 1

Demand Flexibility Service 1

demand-pull inflation 6

demand-side shock 1

demographic change 3

Department for BEIS 3

Department for International Trade 2

Department for Transport 1

Department for Work & Pensions 6

Department of Transport 3

department stores 1

depreciation 53

deregulation 19

derived demand 11

Deutsche Bank 1

developed economies 1

developed world 1

development bank 1

digital currency 1

digital economy 2

digital exclusion 1

digital markets 1

digital pound 1

digital poverty 1

digital sales tax 12

digital services tax 7

digital skills 1

direct cash transfers 5

direct taxation 1

disability benefits 1

disadvantaged groups 1

discretionary fiscal policy 1

discretionary spending 1

discrimination 2

diseconomies of scale 1

disposable income 8

distribution of income 5

distributional effects 118

distributional issues 42

diverted profits tax 1

divorce costs 1

divorce rates 1

Dixons Carphone 1

domestic demand 1

domestic expenditure 1

domestic firms 1

domestic workers 2

double-dip recession 18

dynamic efficiency 1

early retirement 1

East Midlands 1

Eat Out to Help Out 15

economic activity 3

economic cost 2

economic credibility 1

economic crisis 2

economic data 1

economic development 1

economic efficiency 3

economic forecast 38

economic forecasts 4

economic geography 1

economic growth 721

economic history 30

economic inactivity 27

economic inheritance 1

economic models 1

economic orthodoxy 1

economic plan 1

economic shock 2

economic theory 1

economic vandalism 2

economic welfare 11

economic well-being 1

economically inactive 12

economies of agglomeration 1

Eden Project North 1

educational disparities 1

effective population 1

effective tax rate 1

egg producers 1

elderly workers 1

electric arc furnaces 4

electric car batteries 31

electric car infrastructure 1

electric cars 41

electric motorbikes 1

electric vans 2

electric vehicles 11

electrical cable 1

electricity blackouts 1

electricity consumption 1

electricity generation 66

electricity network 12

electricity prices 2

electricity supply 7

emergency Budget 1

emergency funding 1

emergency jobs scheme 23

emergency loans 3

emissions targets 1

emissions taxes 1

employment law 1

employment patterns 2

employment services 1

empty shelves 1

end of austerity 2

Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit 1

energy bills 53

energy bills cap 18

energy companies 27

energy consumption 4

energy costs 14

energy crisis 65

energy efficiency 7

energy industry 1

energy intensive industries 4

energy market 9

energy markets 24

energy policy 6

energy price cap 2

energy price freeze 12

Energy Price Guarantee 8

energy prices 96

Energy Profits Levy 1

energy rationing 1

energy sector 2

energy security 61

energy shortage 1

energy storage 1

energy strategy 5

energy subsidy 1

energy suppliers 2

energy support 2

energy support package 2

entrepreneurship 7

environmental costs 7

environmental economics 4

environmental levies 1

environmentally-friendly 9

equality of opportunity 2

Equality Trust 2

estate agents 1

ethnic minorities 1

ethnicity based inequality 5

ethnicity pay gap 2

EU membership 1

EU regulation 1

EU regulations 1

European Central Bank 1

excess profit 1

exchange rate 1

exchange rates 52

executive pay 4

exit strategy 2

expansionary policy 2

export demand 1

export prices 2

external costs 3

external shock 1

externalities 4

extra ferries 1

extreme poverty 1

extreme weather 3

factor immobility 3

factor mobility 5

factors of production 1

factory closure 7

factory closures 4

factory output 5

factory prices 4

fairy tale economics 2

Family Expenditure Survey 1

fare increases 1

farming support 1

Faroe Islands 1

federal budget 1

Federal Reserve 12

Federation of Small Businesses 5

female entrepreneurs 1

female participation 6

female unemployment 1

female workers 1

femaleemployment 1

ferry companies 1

Financial Conduct Authority 1

financial crisis 21

financial difficulties 1

financial economics 1

Financial Fairness Trust 1

financial institutions 1

financial markets 21

financial services 23

financial stability 14

financial system 1

financial transactions tax 1

first-time buyers 9

fiscal black hole 2

fiscal buffers 1

fiscal discipline 2

fiscal dividend 1

fiscal headroom 2

fiscal policy 739

fiscal rules 15

fiscal stimulus 47

fiscal targets 1

fish and chip shops 1

fish and chips 1

fishing rights 16

fitness equipment 1

fixed incomes 1

fixed rate mortgages 2

floating wind farms 1

flower growers 1

Food and Drink Federation 2

food imprt tax 1

food labelling 1

food manufacturers 2

food price inflation 92

food production 5

food security 15

food shortage 3

food shortages 2

food standards 20

Food Standards Agency 2

food supplies 3

football matches 1

foreign competition 1

foreign firms 1

foreign holidays 1

foreign students 1

foreign tourists 2

foreign workers 2

Forward Guidance 1

fossil fuels 19

four day week 2

free basic energy 1

free market economics 9

free rider problem 2

free school meals 1

free trade area 2

freedom of movement 4

freedoms of Brexit 1

freight capacity 1

fresh flowers 1

Fresh Produce Consortium 1

frictional unemployment 3

frictionless trade 5

frontline services 1

frozen vegetables 1

fruit pickers 8

fuel duty freeze 4

fuel poverty 32

full employment 6

full expensing 1

functional distribution of income 1

functions of money 1

furloughed workers 14

furloughing 136

future growth 1

gains from trade 3

garden furniture 2

gas companies 1

gas shortages 1

gas supply emergency 1

gas-fired power stations 3

GDP per capita 2

gender based discrimination 2

gender based inequality 2

gender equality 4

gender pay gap 3

General Election 11

geographic immobility 1

geographic mobility 3

geographical indications 1

geothermal energy 1

Gini coefficient 4

global Britain 2

global economy 12

global financial crisis 10

global markets 1

global minimum tax rate 1

global over-supply 1

global supply chain 10

global trade war 1

global warming 3

global wealth tax 1

globalisation 3

Golborne Link 1

Gold Standard 1

Goldman Sachs 3

good economics 6

Good Housekeeping 1

government bonds 4

government borrowing 97

government borrowing. 2

government debt 23

government failure 41

government finances 2

government intervention 136

government policy 2

government spending 110

Great Depression 3

Great Green Wall 1

Great Resignation 1

Greater Manchester 2

greedflation 10

green economy 5

green energy 12

Green Homes Grant 8

Green Industrial Revolution 1

green investment 16

Green Investment Plan 4

Green Lithium 1

Green New Deal 10

green recovery 8

green revolution 2

Green Saving Bond 1

green technology 3

green transition 6

grocery retail 2

grocery retailiers 2

gross fixed capital formation 1

Growth and Stability Pact 1

growth forecast 45

hand sanitiser 1

Hanlon's razor 1

health and safety 3

Health Foundation 1

health inequality 1

health service 1

healthcare costs 1

heavy industry 4

helicopter money 2

herd immunity 1

High Pay Centre 1

high speed rail 1

High Street 108

higher earners 1

higher education 2

higher rate taxation 3

Hinkley Point 4

hollowing out 1

home entertainment 1

home insulation 1

home ownership 8

hormone-fed beef 1

hospitality 113

hot cross buns 1

house price crash 6

house price inflation 2

house prices 52

housebuilding 5

household bills 1

household budget 1

household debt 10

household energy use 1

household goods 1

household incomes 11

Household Support Fund 2

household wealth 1

housing affordability 12

housing bubble 2

housing costs 4

housing crisis 3

housing market 129

housing policy 4

housing sales 1

housing shortage 10

housing supply 9

human capital 3

hyperglobalisation 1

hyperinflation 1

IHS Markit PMI 1

immigration policy 11

imperfect information 1

import charge 1

import checks 5

import controls 2

in-work poverty 15

inclusive growth 3

income distribution 12

income inequality 177

income tax thresholds 4

independent forecast 1

independent pay review bodies 3

independent retailers 3

indirect taxation 2

individual freedoms 1

industrial action 16

industrial policy 38

industrial relations 3

industrial strategy 9

industrial structure 1

INEOS Grenadier 1

Inflation Reduction Act 6

inflation target 68

inflationary expectations 19

inflationary pressure 43

inflationary quota 1

inflationary spiral 3

informal economy 1

information campaign 1

infrastructure 143

Inheritance Tax 20

insecure jobs 1

Institute of Directors 11

Integrated Rail Review 1

interest payments 3

interest rates 437

interest repayments 1

intergenerational equity 41

intergenerational transfers 1

Internal Energy Market 1

international competitiveness 12

international financial organisation 2

international students 1

international trade 1

interventionism 2

investment appraisal 1

inward investment 5

inward migration 1

Jaguar Land Rover 28

job applicants 1

job creation 33

job insecurity 1

job retention 1

job retention bonus 6

job retention scheme 67

job support scheme 1

job switching 1

job vacancies 40

John Lewis Partnership 3

Joseph Rowntree Foundation 13

Jubilee Debt Campaign 1

junior doctors 1

K-shaped recovery 2

Kennedy School of Government 1

key sector workers 2

Keynesianism 24

labour force 51

Labour Force Survey 12

labour intensive 1

labour market 19

labour market flexibility 10

labour markets 176

labour mobility 4

Labour Party 49

labour productivity 1

labour shortage 25

labour shortages 56

labour supply 37

labour-intensive 1

lagged indicator 3

laissez faire 3

land value tax 1

law of diminishing marginal returns 3

law of unintended consequences 13

leading indicator 51

Learn Work Institute 1

legal migration 1

Legatum Institute 1

level playing field 9

levelling down 9

levelling up 112

liar liar pants on fire 1

liberalisation 2

libertarianism 1

Liberty Steel 10

Liechtenstein 1

Life and Death of American Cities 2

life expectancy 7

life sciences 1

liquidity trap 3

lithium refinery 1

living standards 47

Living Wage Foundation 2

Lloyds of London 1

loan guarantees 2

loanable funds 1

local councils 7

Local Data Company 2

local government 21

Local Government Association 1

loft insulation 2

London City Airport 1

London Metals Exchange 1

London Stock Exchange 1

London Underground 1

long-term growth 2

long-term interest rates 1

long-term sick 6

lorry drivers 42

loss-minimizing 1

low carbon generators 1

low emission technology 1

low income consumers 1

low income workers 1

low incomes families 6

low inflation 2

low interest rates 4

low paid workers 7

Low Pay Commission 1

low-skilled workers 3

Lower Thames Barrier 1

lump of labour fallacy 1

macroeconomic implications 4

macroeconomic indicators 2

macroeconomic objectives 223

macroeconomic performance 2

macroeconomic stability 2

macroeconomics 3

maintenance grants 1

Majestic Wine 1

Manpower Group 1

manufacturers 1

manufacturing 50

manufacturing employment 1

manufacturing output 14

marginal propensity to consume 1

marginal propensity to import 1

marginal rate of taxation 4

Marginal Revolution University 2

marginal tax rates 3

marginalist principle 1

market failure 10

market forces 1

market structure 3

Marks & Spencer 7

Marshall-Lerner condition 1

mass unemployment 4

measures of inflation 3

measuring inflation 3

measuring unemployment 1

meat processing 1

medium term financial strategy 2

mental health 6

microeconomics 1

middle income families 5

migrant labour 4

migrant workers 35

military spending 1

Milton Friedman 1

mini-Budget 111

minimum global corporate tax rate 4

minimum income 1

minimum wage 13

mining companies 1

mobile phones 6

mobility of labour 1

Modern Monetary Theory 1

modern slavery 1

monetary policy 463

monetary stimulus 15

monetary transmission mechanism 6

Money and Pensions Service 1

More In Common 1

mortality rates 1

mortgage approvals 2

mortgage borrowing 16

mortgage costs 4

mortgage holiday 2

mortgage interest rates 18

mortgage lending 1

mortgage repayments 7

multidimensional poverty 1

multilateralism 1

multiplier effect 163

National Audit Office 21

national debt 66

National Energy Action 4

National Grid 14

national income 4

national income accounting 2

National Infrastructure Bank 1

National Infrastructure Commission 2

National Infrastructure Strategy 1

National Insurance 62

national interest 3

National Living Wage 4

National Minimum Wage 1

national security 1

nationalisation 10

natural latex 1

Natural Rate of Unemployment 1

negative equity 8

negative externalities 33

negative interest rates 18

negative multiplier 77

negative output gap 2

negative regional multiplier 5

negative yield 1

neoclassical theory 2

neoliberal economics 3

net carbon zero 1

net domestic product 1

net migration 3

net zero carbon 13

network charges 1

new car sales 7

New Economics Foundation 5

New Year's Eve 1

Newport Wafer Fab 1

non inflationary growth 1

non-alignment 5

non-compliance 2

non-dom status 14

non-EU workers 3

non-excludable 1

non-fiscal methods 1

non-food inflation 1

non-food prices 1

non-rivalrous 1

non-tariff barriers 1

North Sea oil 1

North-South divide 14

Northern extension 1

Northern Ireland 28

Northern Ireland protocol 28

Northern Powerhouse 11

Northern Powerhouse Rail 2

Northern Railway 1

Northumberland 1

not forecasts 1

not out fault 1

not quite guesswork 1

nuclear power 48

occupational immobility 1

occupational mobility 9

Octopus Energy 1

Office for Value for Money 1

Office of Rail and Road 1

Office of Tax Simplification 1

official scrutiny 1

offshore wind 2

oil companies 6

oil price shock 1

older workers 6

Olympics 2020 1

online retail 25

online sales tax 3

online shopping 2

Open Data Institute 1

Operation Escalin 1

Operation Yellowhammer 1

opportunity cost 162

organisational capacity 1

own-brand goods 1

own-label range 1

Oxford Economics 1

Oxford-Cambridge expressway 1

Papua New Guinea 1

paradox of thrift 1

part-time workers 5

participation rate 1

passenger numbers 1

Patriotic Millionaires UK 2

pay increases 9

payer of last resort 1

payroll costs 1

peak-time consumption 1

pension contributions 1

Pension Credit 1

pension funds 2

pension tax relief 2

pensioner poverty 2

pent-up demand 15

perfect information 2

personal allowance 15

personal debt 4

personal finance 1

personal taxation 1

petrol market 4

petrol prices 16

petrol stations 4

pharmaceuticals 2

Phillips Curve 5

Pickering's Gin 1

picking winners 4

pigs in blankets 1

Pizza Express 3

place in the world 1

planning regulations 2

planning restrictions 6

policy instruments 2

policymaking 219

political economy 1

population of working age 3

pork barrel politics 5

port congestion 1

positive externalities 3

positive regional multiplier 1

post-Brexit 581

post-industrial towns 1

post-lockdown 13

post-pandemic 2

potential growth 61

poverty reduction 9

PPE contracts 1

pre-payment meters 1

precautionary saving 4

price ceiling 3

price changes 1

price controls 2

price elasticity of demand 2

price elasticity of supply 1

price gouging 4

price indices 1

prices and incomes policy 1

primary products 1

Prime Minister 2

private flights 1

private investment 1

private pensions 2

private sector 3

private sector investment 2

private sector pay 12

private transport 1

privatisation 6

pro-growth agenda 1

problem drinking 1

problem gambling 1

producer price inflation 2

product shortages 1

product standards 1

productive capacity 109

productivity 183

productivity gap 1

productivity puzzle 20

productivity target 1

profit margins 13

profit-maximizing 2

Progressive Economy Forum 4

progressive taxation 25

Project Birch 2

property ladder 1

property market 1

property rights 1

property taxes 6

Proportional Property Tax 1

protectionism 31

psychological costs 1

Public Accounts Committee 5

public finances 230

public health 9

public housing 1

public investment 1

public ownership 1

public procurement 4

public sector 13

public sector debt 1

public sector employment 1

public sector investment 4

public sector net debt 3

public sector pay 32

public sector workers 9

public services 48

public spending 161

public toilets 1

public transport 14

public-private partnership 2

quantitative easing 4

quantitative restrictions 1

quantitative tightening 2

Quantity Theory of Money 1

Rail Delivery Group 1

rail passengers 1

rail revenues 1

rail supply chain 1

rateable value 1

ratings agencies 2

rational economic agents 1

raw materials prices 2

real incomes 89

Real Living Wage 1

real value of debt 1

Recharge Industries 2

reconstruction 1

redevelopment 1

redistribution 3

redistributional costs 1

regional economic groupings 3

Regional Fund 1

regional growth 1

regional house price differential 1

regional inequality 79

regional multiplier 94

regional policy 10

regulated fares 3

regulatory alignment 1

relative poverty 22

renationalisation 6

renewable energy 40

rental market 6

repayable discounts 1

repayment period 1

residential market 1

Resolution Foundation 64

restaurant bookings 1

restructuring 1

Retail Economics 1

retail outlets 33

retail prices 1

retail sales 149

retail sector 69

Retail Think Tank 1

retained profit 1

retali outlets 2

returns to capital 1

returns to labour 1

revenue neutral 1

revised growth 1

Ricardian equivalence 2

rich households 2

rising population 1

road hauliers 2

road maintenance 1

roaming charges 2

roast dinners 1

robot technologies 1

rolling blackouts 1

rule of origin 10

rural communities 1

rural economy 1

safety standards 1

salary threshold 1

sales volumes 1

Save the Children 2

savings ratio 10

Scale Facilitation 1

school attendance 1

school upgrades 1

Scottish Power 3

Seaborne Freight 4

seasonal crops 1

seasonal factors 1

seasonal unemployment 1

seasonal workers 2

second best solution 1

second hand clothing 1

second-hand car sales 1

second-hand cars 5

sectoral analysis 1

security checks 1

seismic activity 1

self-assessment 1

self-driving cars 1

self-employed 11

self-employment 5

self-isolating 1

self-isolation 1

self-sufficiency 1

semi-conductors 6

semi-conductos 1

Serious Fraud Office 1

service sector 29

service sector inflation 2

shadow economy 1

share ownership 1

shareholders 11

shipping containers 1

shipping costs 6

shoe leather costs 3

shop closures 4

Shop Out to Help Out 1

shop price inflation 4

shop vacancies 1

shopping centres 1

shopping habits 7

shrinkflation 16

shutdown point 2

Silicon Valley Bank 1

Single Currency 1

Single Market 11

skilled labour 4

skilled workers 1

skills mismatch 1

skills shortage 8

small businesses 13

social attitudes 1

social distancing 7

social housing 4

social justice 2

Social Market Foundation 4

social mobility 5

Social Mobility Foundation 1

social safety net 6

social tariff 3

spare capacity 1

special relationship 1

spending cuts 40

spending patterns 17

spending plans 1

spending promises 1

spending review 35

Spring Statement 53

stable inflation 1

staff absences 2

Stamp Duty holiday 5

standard of living 12

state pension 32

state support 2

static v dynamic analysis 1

steel manufacturers 1

storage facilities 1

storage space 2

store closures 1

structural change 2

structural issues 4

structural problems 38

structural unemployment 8

student loans 4

sub-prime mortgages 1

Summer of Discontent 1

Summer Statement 4

sunk cost fallacy 8

super deduction 2

supermarkets 32

supernormal profit 4

supply bottlenecks 2

supply chain 108

supply-side 352

supply-side policy 9

supply-side reform 7

supply-side shock 81

support measures 1

sustainability 9

sustainable growth 5

sustainable tourism 1

sustainable transport 1

swimming pools 1

Swiss-style deal 1

tackling inequality 1

tariff-free trade 1

tax avoidance 52

tax free allowance 1

tax increases 8

Tax Justice UK 1

tax loopholes 3

tax revenues 44

tax thresholds 12

tax-free allowance 1

technological change 1

teething problems 1

temporary arrangement 1

temporary visas 1

temporary workers 1

The Economist 1

The Entertainer 2

The Netherlands 4

theory of the firm 3

three day week 1

tight labour market 1

tinned tomatoes 2

town planners 1

tradable goods 1

trade balance 7

trade barriers 5

trade creation 6

trade deficit 8

trade diversion 2

trade imbalance 1

trade negotiations 15

trade patterns 2

trade performance 1

trade reducing 1

trade remedies 1

Trade Remedies Authority 1

trade standards 1

trade unions 33

trading partners 2

train manufacturer 2

transfer payments 3

transition period 5

transparency 26

Transparency International 1

transport costs 4

Transport Focus 1

Transport for London 2

Treasury Committee 1

trend rate of growth 3

trickle-down effect 1

Trussell Trust 6

Trussonomics 19

UHY Hacker Young 1

Ultra High Net Worth Individuals 1

unbalanced economy 1

uncertainty 210

uncompetitive 1

under-employment 1

under-investment 2

underemployment 15

unemployment 351

unemployment benefit 1

unemployment crisis 2

unemployment data 1

unemployment policy 1

unemployment rate 16

unfair competition 1

unicorns and other fictions 1

universal basic income 12

Universal Credit 66

unsecured debt 3

urban regeneration 2

variable costs 1

variable mortgages 1

VAT free shopping 1

vegetable oil 1

vinyl records 1

Virgin Atlantic 2

vocational training 12

voluntary agreement 1

voluntary sector 1

wage bargaining 1

wage controls 1

wage determination 1

wage differentials 1

wage inflation 1

wage negotiations 1

wage pressures 2

wage scarring 2

wage subsidies 6

wage-price spiral 18

Walkers Crisps 1

Warner Brothers 1

waste plastics 2

water poverty 1

water quality 1

ways and means 1

wealth effect 1

wealth inequality 49

wealth taxes 17

welfare payments 1

welfare state 2

welfare system 3

West Midlands 12

white asparagus 1

white elephant 1

wholesale energy prices 2

wholesale gas prices 5

wholesale prices 1

windfall gains 2

windfall tax 51

Winter of Discontent 4

withdrawal agreement 1

wonky vegetables 1

work experience 1

worker shortages 1

workers' rights 12

working age benefits 1

working conditions 7

working from home 12

working patterns 4

working population 2

workplace absence 1

World Economic Forum 1

young workers 8

youth unemployment 29

zero emissions 1

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Government faces no-deal backlash from its business experts | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - July 9, 2019 11:39 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Another surprise - the government's attempts to find a technological solution to the Irish border appear to be floundering.

Well, I never!

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Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics

A brief overview of relevant articles for IB and A-Level all relating to the UK economy

Curated by Graham Watson

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Reality check: can Treasury afford pledge to raise tax-free pension allowance? | Pensions | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - Today, 5:21 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The Guardian looks at yesterday's Conservative pledge to raise the tax-free pension allowance for pensioners. It replays many of the arguments that I advanced yesterday - it's simply the reversal of a policy that the Conservatives themselves brought in, and the idea of funding it via an increased clampdown on tax avoidance is equally risible.

But instead of me, it's people with genuine credentials who make the case.

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Minister says Tories will pay for pensions policy by clamping down on tax avoidance | Conservatives | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 28, 9:11 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Today's Conservative pledge to reduce the tax liability of pensioners is work of a peculiar type of genius. In the first place, its' the reversal of a policy previously put in place by the Conservatives in the 2010s.

Additionally, the notion that it's going to be funded by clamping down on tax avoidance is equally risible. If it's that easy to find an extra £6bn, why hasn't the government done it already. So, aren't the issues more about why the government hasn't clamped down on tax avoidance and evasion before, never mind the equity issues involved in 'bribing' pensioners.

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Shop price rises back to 'normal', British Retail Consortium says | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 28, 8:53 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

More evidence that the rate of increase of shop prices has reverted back to normal with the British Retail Consortium suggesting that shop prices only rose by 0.6% in April and food price inflation also fell to 3.2% last month.

Goodish news for inflation.

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Once Britain is back in the EU, things can only get better | William Keegan | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 26, 4:52 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

No prizes for guessing what William Keegan's written about in today's Observer. Brexit.

However, for all its absence from the General Election campaign, he's not wrong. Britain would gain from rejoining the EU.

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Jeremy Hunt hints Tories would cut taxes for higher earners if re-elected | Tax and spending | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 26, 4:45 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though the Conservatives are, at some point, looking to lower taxes should they win the next election, especially on higher earners. However, Labour's Shadow Chancellor, Rachel Reeves, has dismissed the move and made her own pitch to be best-placed to run the economy.

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Five pieces of economic news that could affect UK election result | Economics | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 24, 10:22 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Larry Elliott outlines five key dates for the election diary, with key bits of economic data being released in the next six weeks, including economic growth, inflation and unemployment data and another interest rate decision.

And whilst the consensus is that the economy is going to be picking up, will this come sound enough or have people already made their minds up.

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Things can only get better? For Sunak and the UK economy, this might be as good as it gets | Economic growth (GDP) | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 23, 2:33 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Larry Elliott wonders why the government have called a General Election, and thinks that it might be because this is as good as it gets for the government, even though growth remains moribund, and inflation sticky. You'd like to think things will get better; it might not.

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UK inflation: which goods and services have changed most in price? | Inflation | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 22, 9:41 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

A little look at what's up and what's down in price in the last 12 months. The sharpest rise in prices? Olive oil? The sharpest fall? Gas, down by 37.5%.

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At a festival for the super-rich, the argument for higher taxes couldn’t have been clearer | Polly Toynbee | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 22, 4:30 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Polemic, yes, but perhaps the better for that.

Should the super-rich be paying more in tax? And if this becomes a realistic prospect, how many of them will leave the UK or find ever more creative ways to avoid paying tax? And should we care?

I'm not going to comment - I think regular readers of my board know my views on this sort of thing. Is being super-rich the result of hard work or almost entirely to do with serendipity?

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Large-scale nuclear power station planned for Anglesey in Wales | Nuclear power | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 22, 4:10 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Energy security, supply-side improvements and so on. But hang on, how long has the nuclear power plant at Wylfa been on the drawing board?

I first 'scooped' the prospect of government investment in Wylfa on 4 June 2018! So, it's taken 6 years to get to this point. So, rather than celebrating this, surely it's ample demonstration of the failure of current planning and infrastructure thinking.

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UK has room for three interest rate cuts this year, IMF says | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 21, 8:14 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The IMF has suggested that the UK economy is going to grow more rapidly than it originally forecast at the start of the year, in part because of the loosening of monetary policy. The growth forecast has been raised to 0.7% this year and 1.5% in 2025, and they also expect the Bank of England to cut interest rates three times before the end of the year.

Of course, the IMF aren't always right - something that notably economists, like Jacob Rees-Mogg are always keen to tells us - but then again, who is?

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Government eyes jobless 'bootcamps' to fill job gaps | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 21, 3:59 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

An example of a interventionist supply-side policy, in the form of jobless 'bootcamps' has been mooted by the government as a way of increasing labour market flexibility - specifically occupational mobility - and overcoming labour shortages in key sectors.

As ever, though, it's gets you thinking about the nature of markets - of there are skills shortages, shouldn't rising wages be attracting people to work in these sectors. If wages aren't rising in line with market forces, why not? Does this imply that many of these sectors are monopsonies, with employers using their market power to keep wages low?

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Interest rate cuts in summer possible, says Bank deputy | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 20, 9:59 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This week's inflation figures are going to be interesting with many people anticipating a marked fall in inflation, to close to target. As a result, many are predicting that the Bank of England is going to lower interest rates at some point in the next few months, not least given the latest admission of the Deputy Governor of the Bank, Ben Broadbent.

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From www.youtube.com - Today, 5:14 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

I've only just stumbled on this; it's a good little primer on why a little bit of inflation is a good thing. There's some straightforward explanations here - looking at the importance of real wages keeping pace with inflation - and the benefits of low, stable inflation.

The only downside? The DCU adverts

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Rachel Reeves promises no additional tax rises to fund spending | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 28, 8:58 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The economy is today's election battleground and the Labour Party have received support from a number of prominent business leaders and promised that their manifesto pledges are all fully-funded.

The Prime Minister claims that their pledges will cost £2,000 per family, which sounds a little hollow from the party responsible for Brexit and recent tax increases, and which is only now pledging to lower taxes for pensioners ahead of everyone else.

The choice, ultimately, is that of the electorate. And 2016 says something about turkeys voting for Christmas.

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General election: Tories announce 'Triple Lock Plus' pension allowance | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 28, 4:12 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Economic policymaking in the national interest or a pre-Election bribe? You decide.

For my part, I'll just suggest it's the most advantaged generation of electors - free healthcare/university education, biggest beneficiaries of EU membership and housing policy - getting even more from the government. Ironically, it seems that a Conservative government is now committed to the extension of socialist protections of a specific group to try and keep themselves in power.

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‘People tell me they’re not ready to work’: how long-term sickness blighted a town | Economics | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 26, 4:48 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This Observer piece looks at the town of Hastings, as a microcosm of the wider issue of economic inactivity, and the number of people who have opted out of the labour market in the post-coronavirus era.

The result of this has been a decline in the size of the working population which, of course, has wider macroeconomic implications.

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Finances a 'dark cloud' hanging over election campaign, says IFS | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 26, 4:35 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) are certain that the state of public finances is such that, irrespective of whoever wins the election, there are tough choices to be made in the form of tax increases or spending cuts. As a result, they are calling on both parties to be transparent in their election campaigns, and realistic in the pledges that they make to the electorate.

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Shop sales slump in April hit by heavy rain | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 24, 9:52 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

April's bad weather has had a marked effect on retail sales, with sales volumes falling by 2.3%, markedly more than most analysts expected. Curiously, even online sales fell by over 1% and fewer trips being taken meant that fuel sales were also down by nearly 5% in April.

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Jeremy Hunt’s tax cut plans face setback as government borrowing tops £20bn | Budget deficit | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 23, 2:15 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Almost overlooked in the news that we've got a General Election at the start of July, were the latest public finance figures which rather confirmed the IMF's gloomy view. The budget deficit increased by £1.5bn last year, pushing government borrowing above £20bn last month and keeping government debt at 97.9% of GDP.

And this means that the Chancellor wouldn't have had any realistic chance of offering pre-election sweeteners, and might have been one of the things that precipitated the announcement of the 4 July election.

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Big drop in UK inflation rate disguises more disappointing details | Inflation | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 22, 9:38 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Larry Elliott drills down into today's inflation figure, noting that although it's fallen to 2.3% - largely driven by falling energy prices - there are still two main pockets of concern.

Core inflation remains high - it's down from 4.2% to 3.9% - and service sector inflation has hardly budged - falling marginally from 6% to 5.9% - both of which might deter immediate interest rate cuts.

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Jeremy Hunt looks to cut NICs again despite IMF warning of £30bn fiscal hole | Economics | The Guardian | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 22, 4:14 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

After the IMF yesterday warned the government of a £30bn fiscal hole emerging, the government response is predictable: cutting taxes, specifically National Insurance.

It looks like a desperate act by a desperate government, another bit of economic vandalism - Brexit, anyone? - for which they will not be held to account and is self-evidently politically, rather than economically motivated.

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UK inflation rate falls to lowest in almost three years | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 22, 4:04 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

UK inflation has tumbled to 2.3% for April, down from 3.2% and fuelling calls for interest rate cuts. However, there are some cautionary noises coming from some who note that service sector inflation has scarcely shifted and this might make the Bank of England reluctant to cut rates in June.

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Food price rises returning to normal, Kantar survey says | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 21, 4:03 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though food prices are returning to normal, with the news that food price inflation has fallen to 2.4% - it's lowest since October 2021, fuelling hopes of interest rate cuts this summer.

However, the composition of shopping baskets has changed since then, with own-brand goods providing a greater proportion of all goods bought and it will be interesting to see if this alters should the economy start picking up.

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How can countries deal with falling birth rates? | Macroeconomics: UK economy, IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.bbc.co.uk - May 20, 10:06 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This BBC article looks at the implications of a falling birth rate for a developed economy, noting that there are only really two viable solutions. Either ensure that your population remains healthy and works for longer or accept the reality of the need for immigration

The reality is that at some level most economies are going to opt for a mix of the two, because a rising number of dependents would mean that it will become increasingly difficult to finance healthcare and pension provision.

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